🎯 Summary of Suharto's New Order

• ✅ Economic Growth: Significant strides in economic development and poverty reduction.
• ❌ Authoritarian Rule: Suppression of political dissent and human rights abuses.
• 💰 Corruption: Widespread corruption and cronyism.
• 🌍 International Relations: Improved relations with Western countries and increased foreign investment.
• 🌱 Legacy: A mixed legacy of development and repression that continues to shape Indonesian politics.

The Rise of the New Order

Suharto's rise to power followed the tumultuous period of the 1965 coup attempt and the subsequent anti-communist purges. He gradually consolidated power, sidelining Sukarno and establishing a military-backed government. The New Order promised stability and economic development, contrasting sharply with the perceived chaos and economic mismanagement of the Sukarno era.

Key Factors in Suharto's Ascent

• The 1965 Coup Attempt: Provided the pretext for Suharto to seize power.
• Anti-Communist Purges: Eliminated political rivals and consolidated military control.
• Economic Crisis: Public discontent with Sukarno's economic policies created an opportunity for change.

Economic Development and Policies

The New Order implemented a series of economic policies focused on attracting foreign investment, promoting industrialization, and increasing agricultural production. This led to significant economic growth, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s. However, this growth was often unevenly distributed, and it came at the cost of environmental degradation and increased social inequality.

Economic Achievements

• Increased GDP growth.
• Reduced poverty rates.
• Improved infrastructure.
• Increased foreign investment.

Economic Challenges

• Corruption and cronyism.
• Uneven distribution of wealth.
• Environmental degradation.
• Dependence on foreign investment.

Key Economic Policies

• Five-Year Development Plans (Repelita): Focused on specific economic goals and targets.
• Green Revolution: Increased agricultural production through the use of fertilizers and high-yielding varieties.
• Attracting Foreign Investment: Incentives to attract foreign companies to invest in Indonesia.

Political Control and Authoritarianism

While the New Order brought economic stability, it also established a highly centralized and authoritarian political system. Political dissent was suppressed, and civil liberties were restricted. The government maintained control through the military, the bureaucracy, and the ruling Golkar party. Elections were held, but they were often rigged to ensure Golkar's victory.

Methods of Control

• Military Presence: The military played a significant role in all aspects of government and society.
• Suppression of Dissent: Critics and opponents of the regime were often arrested, imprisoned, or killed.
• Golkar Party: The ruling party served as a vehicle for maintaining political control.
• Restrictions on Freedom of Speech and Assembly: Censorship and limitations on public gatherings.

Human Rights Abuses

The New Order was responsible for numerous human rights abuses, including the killings of suspected communists in the 1960s, the invasion and occupation of East Timor, and the suppression of separatist movements in Aceh and Papua. These abuses continue to be a source of controversy and debate in Indonesia today. Learn more by reading about the Aceh War A Story of Resistance and Resilience.

Corruption and Cronyism

Corruption was rampant during the New Order, with Suharto and his family amassing vast wealth through various business dealings and monopolies. This corruption undermined economic development and contributed to social inequality. Cronyism, the practice of favoring friends and family members in government and business, was also widespread.

Examples of Corruption

• Family Businesses: Suharto's family controlled many of Indonesia's largest companies.
• Monopolies: The government granted monopolies to favored companies, often owned by Suharto's family or close associates.
• Kickbacks: Government officials received kickbacks on public contracts.

The Fall of the New Order

The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 triggered a severe economic downturn in Indonesia, leading to widespread social unrest and protests against Suharto's rule. In May 1998, Suharto was forced to resign after 32 years in power. His resignation marked the end of the New Order and the beginning of a period of political reform and democratization. The G30S/PKI Anniversary What Really Happened is connected to the climate that led to this political era.

Factors Leading to Suharto's Resignation

• Asian Financial Crisis: Economic crisis led to widespread discontent.
• Student Protests: Students played a key role in organizing protests against Suharto.
• Loss of Military Support: Some elements within the military withdrew their support for Suharto.
• International Pressure: International community called for Suharto to step down.

Legacy and Impact

The legacy of the New Order is complex and contested. On the one hand, it brought economic development and stability to Indonesia. On the other hand, it was marked by authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights abuses. The New Order continues to shape Indonesian politics and society today. It can be helpful to explore the Meet Indonesia's National Heroes Inspiring Stories from that era as well.

Positive Impacts

• Economic growth and poverty reduction.
• Improved infrastructure.
• Increased national unity.

Negative Impacts

• Authoritarianism and suppression of dissent.
• Corruption and cronyism.
• Human rights abuses.
• Environmental degradation.

A Look Back and Forward

Suharto's New Order era remains a pivotal point in Indonesian history. While economic progress was undeniable, it's equally important to remember the cost of authoritarian rule and corruption. Understanding this period helps us better appreciate Indonesia's journey toward democracy and a more just society. By critically examining the past, we can pave the way for a brighter future. We should not forget to consider the impact on Indonesian education From Pesantren to Universities The Evolution of Indonesian Education.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What was the main goal of the New Order?

A: The main goal was to achieve political and economic stability after the turbulent Sukarno era.

Q: How did Suharto come to power?

A: Suharto rose to power following the 1965 coup attempt and the subsequent anti-communist purges.

Q: What were the main economic achievements of the New Order?

A: Increased GDP growth, reduced poverty rates, and improved infrastructure.

Q: What were the main criticisms of the New Order?

A: Authoritarianism, corruption, and human rights abuses.

Q: How did the New Order end?

A: The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 triggered widespread protests, leading to Suharto's resignation in 1998.